(Updated to October 3, 2001)

This document lists abbreviations and code words used in the entries in the dictionary (and in many cases gives brief explanations of them). These codes and abbreviations are listed separately for:

SOURCES OF DATABASE ENTRIES (HEAD WORDS)

The words incorporated in this dictionary have been obtained from native-speakers of Maori in various parts of Tai Tokerau, and, to a lesser extent at this point, from manuscripts and books. These sources are indicated immediately after the head word, either by a standard abbreviation enclosed in braces (e.g. {KW} in the example below), or, in the files which have not yet reached Stage 3B of the editing process, a code preceded by "@" (e.g. "@ NGH3 file" in the example below).

ari [1] {KW} Noun rice He ari te tino kai o Ahia. Rice is the staple diet of Asia. [NGH3] raihi

ma [3] @ NGH3 file @ @ n. @ and the others @ Ka karanga a Hone ma kia

hoki mai. Hone and the others called for them to return. [NGH3] @ @ @ @

List of sources identified in the dictionary entries

@ TTU

@ TTU file

(Compiled by Rev. Te Uru Heta – [TTU], [WRA] and [TTU/NTP] in examples}

@ TM file

(Compiled by Hipiriona Hotere - [TM] in examples)

@ TWK

@ TWK file

(Compiled by Rewa Marsh mä)

@NKU file

(Compiled by Dr Meremere Penfold)

@ TWK/MHR file

@ TWK/MHR list

(Compiled by Andy and Kath Sarich - [TWK/MHR] and [KRO] in examples)

@ MWA

@ MWA file

(Compiled by Joe Topia - [MWA] in examples)

@ NGH3 file

@ NGH3

(Compiled by Tepara, Tukaki and Kahu Waititi - [Wai] or [NGH3] in examples)

@ rarangi 8 word list

@ [rarangi 8 word list]

Parts of speech (word classes, "noun", "verb", "particle" and so on) have been included for many words, but this has not yet been thoroughly checked, and in some entries the labels may be quite misleading. They are also not consistently applied – some follow the ideas underlying the Williams Dictionary of the Maori Language, while others follow the analysis developed by the late Dr Bruce Biggs. We are developing our own system, which builds on Dr Biggs’ work, and will apply it systematically in the later stages of the revision process. This way of classifying words will be explained and illustrated in a separate section of the introduction to the dictionary.

In those entries that have not reached Stage 3B of the editing process, word class is indicated by a label (often abbreviated) preceded by @, just before the definition of the word (e.g. "@ n." for "noun" in the example below). After Stage 3B has been reached, the label will be written in full, using a different font from the rest of the entry, as in the second example below. Note that "ma" in the first example should be written "mä" or "maa", as the vowel is always long. Inconsistencies in marking vowel length (there are a lot of them in the data at present) will be removed at stage 5A of the editing process.

ma [3] @ NGH3 file @ @ n. @ and the others @ Ka karanga a Hone ma kia

hoki mai. Hone and the others called for them to return. [NGH3] @ @ @ @

ari [1] {KW} Noun rice He ari te tino kai o Ahia. Rice is the staple diet of Asia. [NGH3] raihi

List of abbreviations for parts of speech in Stage 1-3A files

List of abbreviations for parts of speech in some Stage 3B and later files

Some Stage 3 files will for a time have a new set of proposed headwords for checking by our contributors added to them, and some amended definitions for existing headwords, which will include a new set of terms for word classes represented by abbreviations in square brackets. These will later be replaced by the name of the word class written out in full (just as for the older abbreviations following the "@" symbol). Explanations of what these terms mean are given in the file on "Meanings of Words and How Words are Classified".

TE WHAKAPAPA O NGA KUPU / ETYMOLOGY

As the editing progresses, information about the whakapapa of words will be included at the end of an entry. This will be completed at Stage 5A of the editing process. In the meantime, however, some entries for words incorporated into Maori from other languages have that indicated just before the information about part of speech, either by an abbreviation preceded by @ (e.g. "@ Eng."), or, for those edited to Stage 3B, by one in angle brackets (as "<E>" in the first example below). Once we reach stage 5, there will be information about links to earlier stages of the Maori language itself, back to the roots of all the Austronesian languages, where these are known (as in the second example below). There is more information about this in the file Te Whakapapa o Nga Kupu Maori on this web site.

aateha [1] {RH1}<E> Noun artist Ko te aateha he tangata toi whakaahua. An artist, is a person who makes pictures. [TWK] peita

A very large number of people have provided examples of the use of the various words collected for the dictionary. Other examples have been obtained from published sources, manuscripts, and oral archives. The source of this information is indicated in square brackets after each example. Sometimes several different abbreviations or codes are in use for the same source. Eventually this will be standardized, but that is not a high priority at present.

List of abbreviations and codes currently used

This document was prepared for the launch of the on-line version of the draft dictionary on the James Henare Māori Research Centre web site in November 2001. The material on this site may be quoted or reproduced for non-commercial purposes provided that acknowledgement is made to the author/s and source.